It’s surprisingly difficult to measure. “Installs” are muddied by the fact that everyone with a Facebook account has a Messenger capability, and every Apple us

It’s surprisingly difficult to measure. “Installs” are muddied by the fact that everyone with a Facebook account has a Messenger capability, and every Apple user has an iMessage app downloaded. “Messages received” is distorted by group chat dynamics and commercial messages. “Messages sent” is distorted by the unequal value of relationships. For example, I generally communicate with FB marketplace sellers & acquaintances from high school on Messenger, but use WhatsApp for talking with overseas family members. More generally, there are social dynamics which make messenger apps radically different from one another. Even when the feature sets of the applications are very similar.