And, all this has to be compared with what could have been achieved with a more typical investment (which would likely have carried less risk) over the same per

And, all this has to be compared with what could have been achieved with a more typical investment (which would likely have carried less risk) over the same period. If they can make 4.5% speculating on high-risk commodities and 4.3% with low-risk lending to stable businesses, it's much more responsible for a nation-state to choose the latter.