Even the researcher who popularized the idea of the alpha wolf in the 60's, Dr. L. David Mech, changed his tune in the 90s when he actually studied them in the

Even the researcher who popularized the idea of the alpha wolf in the 60's, Dr. L. David Mech, changed his tune in the 90s when he actually studied them in the wild: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1343&context=usgsnpwrc https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1... >Conclusions - The above observations show that, at least in summer, social interactions among wolf-pack members are not very different in intensity or quality from those among members of any other group of related individuals. He states on his personal website, >The concept of the alpha wolf is well ingrained in the popular wolf literature, at least partly because of my book “The Wolf: Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species,” written in 1968, published in 1970, republished in paperback in 1981, and currently still in print, despite my numerous pleas to the publisher to stop publishing it. Although most of the book’s info is still accurate, much is outdated. We have learned more about wolves in the last 40 years than in all of previous history.