Yep I can appreciate the misunderstanding. For completeness of the discussion, I think where sgarland mentioned a sub-shell, he was possibly referencing the Bas

Yep I can appreciate the misunderstanding. For completeness of the discussion, I think where sgarland mentioned a sub-shell, he was possibly referencing the Bashism `$(<` detailed on this page https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Command-Substitution.html https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Command-S... in addition to what I called a "statement" above.