It sounds like you would enjoy a career in electrical engineering. Most undergraduate EE curriculum will offer a class (usually both an undergraduate level and

It sounds like you would enjoy a career in electrical engineering. Most undergraduate EE curriculum will offer a class (usually both an undergraduate level and a graduate level version that covers more advanced typologies) specifically dedicated to answering the questions you are asking. Lucky for you the course notes are available for many of them. For example 6.334 from MIT https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-334-power-electronics-spring-2007/ https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/6-334-power-electronics-spring-2...