Embedded in the tragedy of the commons is a Nash equilibrium where it is in the interest of individual parties to not cooperate - where cooperation would be mut

Embedded in the tragedy of the commons is a Nash equilibrium where it is in the interest of individual parties to not cooperate - where cooperation would be mutually beneficial. So, at country scale, implementing a carbon tax on any set of countries immediately reduces their competitiveness against tax-free countries. Over time, this difference will lead to wide divergences in outcomes.