It is always a tradeoff between speed and necessary transmitting power. If you only need to transmit a small amount of data and don’t care if it takes very long

It is always a tradeoff between speed and necessary transmitting power. If you only need to transmit a small amount of data and don’t care if it takes very long, there are ways to spread out the data for it to be still receivable by the satellite. This is called channel coding. This, combined with improvements in antenna design makes it possible to send data to satellites from phones (receiving data is pretty easy, see gps receivers). That said, it will take a long time for you to be able to have high speed satellite internet on your phone.