Something that will complicate technological solutions going forward is the need to have no negative environmental impacts across the entire lifecycle of any ne

Something that will complicate technological solutions going forward is the need to have no negative environmental impacts across the entire lifecycle of any new contraptions, under a scenario where they are produced, used and recycled at planetary scale and for... a long time. These types of constraints did not exist in the earlier technological innovation eras but are sort-of self-evident now: There is not much point to do embark on expensive retooling of the entire energy system if it simply results in a sort of "footprint-shift", reduce GHG emissions but increase environmental impacts elsewhere. The article (and links therein) don't provide an immediate view on these aspects of different approaches to battery construction. Maybe it is too early in the cycle. But I think these issues will have to be explored thoroughly for any solution that is deemed technically and economically viable.