Web browsers in particular have become operating systems unto themselves. The "modern web" has so many features, often implemented in half a dozen competing way

Web browsers in particular have become operating systems unto themselves. The "modern web" has so many features, often implemented in half a dozen competing ways... Just text rendering on modern hardware can be a HUGE lift. Modern toolchains are all about "not reinventing the wheel" -- but when each dependency has picked a different version of said wheel, just pulling in a few dependencies leads to 6 different implementations of the same low-level features.