None of the examples you mentioned are even world-wide, given that you can't use UPI in Japan, or FedNow can't be used outside of the US or PIX outside of Brazi

None of the examples you mentioned are even world-wide, given that you can't use UPI in Japan, or FedNow can't be used outside of the US or PIX outside of Brazil so are totally useless for users outside of those countries. These 'rails' are just meant for the introduction of a CBDC in their respective countries which will just have the same issues that Nigeria's eNaira 'CBDC' had which once that was tried, it was a complete failure. [0] [1] which UPI and PIX will have the same problems and will be no different. [0] https://business.cornell.edu/hub/2023/04/28/nigerias-enaira-cbdc-what-went-wrong/ https://business.cornell.edu/hub/2023/04/28/nigerias-enaira-... [1] https://www.pymnts.com/cbdc/2022/nigeria-cuts-atm-cash-withdrawals-and-urges-enaira-use/ https://www.pymnts.com/cbdc/2022/nigeria-cuts-atm-cash-withd...