Of your list, only police and schools are (probably) driven by people rather than land area. Fire stations are decided by distances to stations, which is why an

Of your list, only police and schools are (probably) driven by people rather than land area. Fire stations are decided by distances to stations, which is why any actual fire sees enormous overkill response (finally a chance to use the toys!) Surface streets are obviously proportional to land area. So are water and sewage infrastructure, and they're massively more expensive than streets. As others have pointed out, water treatment and supply are handled by usage charges.