It’s worse than that. ???’s law states that, over time, well-factored, easily replaceable modules will be replaced by software that is not. For example, compa

It’s worse than that. ???’s law states that, over time, well-factored, easily replaceable modules will be replaced by software that is not. For example, compare systemd-resolved to bind or unbound. Here’s a 2018 article explaining all the ways to configure and talk to it (back then—-it is probably more complicated now): https://moss.sh/name-resolution-issue-systemd-resolved/ https://moss.sh/name-resolution-issue-systemd-resolved/ Among other things, it allocates an IP address to listen on, and both depends on and is a dependency of a decades-old standardized file that other stuff relies on. That means it has a circular dependency with network interface bring up, and with external DNS server configuration. The article goes on for a dozen more pages explaining other issues like this.