Yesn't, you can by, e.g., using qemu[0]. This however has the obvious downside of not accounting for pipelining and cache as well as the subset of instructions

Yesn't, you can by, e.g., using qemu[0]. This however has the obvious downside of not accounting for pipelining and cache as well as the subset of instructions encoded in microcode vs. hardware. All of those are very important but CPU (microarchitecture, cache) specific. [0]: For example: https://www.qemu.org/docs/master/devel/replay.html#instruction-counting https://www.qemu.org/docs/master/devel/replay.html#instructi... more can be found searching the docs.