Oh, you bet! Fortunately, it is not for the doctor in training to decide if these kind of surgeries are necessary. However, for smaller things in diagnostics, l

Oh, you bet! Fortunately, it is not for the doctor in training to decide if these kind of surgeries are necessary. However, for smaller things in diagnostics, let's say a spinal tap or something like that, it is absolutely possible that on overeager doctor in training will do this unnecessarily, because I think they have a training quota for these as well. However, biggest risk for unnecessary surgery in Germany is still private health insurance...