> I know people who have simply put herbs/peppers/etc directly into oil and go with that method. I've not heard of them getting botulism, but maybe it was luck.

> I know people who have simply put herbs/peppers/etc directly into oil and go with that method. I've not heard of them getting botulism, but maybe it was luck. According to the CDC, food-borne botulism is pretty rare, just 21 cases in the US in 2019: https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/surv/2019/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/surv/2019/index.html That being said, it can be fatal so certainly it wouldn't be advisable to take the risk.