There's a 3. really, which are products using Jakarta EE APIs extensively (maybe even all of them), but aren't application servers. Oracle themselves (they cre

There's a 3. really, which are products using Jakarta EE APIs extensively (maybe even all of them), but aren't application servers. Oracle themselves (they create such runtime, called Helidon) have a blog post out about just that: https://blogs.oracle.com/javamagazine/post/you-dont-always-need-an-application-server-to-run-jakarta-ee-applications https://blogs.oracle.com/javamagazine/post/you-dont-always-n...