Paaaing hardware to VMs is the "killer app" for VFIO, but VMs (e.g. QEMU) are just normal userspace processes. In other words, VFIO can delegate control of a de

Paaaing hardware to VMs is the "killer app" for VFIO, but VMs (e.g. QEMU) are just normal userspace processes. In other words, VFIO can delegate control of a device to any userspace process, but it's most commonly used for VMs. DPDK [1] is an example of a non-VM VFIO user. [1] https://doc.dpdk.org/guides/linux_gsg/linux_drivers.html https://doc.dpdk.org/guides/linux_gsg/linux_drivers.html