They found them by blasting protons at each other and seeing what happened when they collided like this https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark#/media/File:Charmed-

They found them by blasting protons at each other and seeing what happened when they collided like this https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark#/media/File:Charmed-dia-w.png https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark#/media/File:Charmed-dia-... and then using detective skills to figure out what could have been inside them to make those spirals