I'm a Penrose fan too. But I don't think CCC envisages any Big Bangs; CCC envisages a future heat death, where everything has turned into solitary photons. Phot

I'm a Penrose fan too. But I don't think CCC envisages any Big Bangs; CCC envisages a future heat death, where everything has turned into solitary photons. Photons have no clock, and don't experience the passing of time; distance is nothing to a photon, the moment it starts travelling, it arrives at its destination. So a universe containing only photons has no definite scale - it can re-imagine itself as being the size of a grapefruit, or any size you like. Penrose uses this idea to wish away the awkward and evidence-free idea of cosmic inflation.