Glenn Pearson and Mark Weiser developed the "Mole" at the University of Maryland in 1988. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/49108.1046356 https://dl.acm.org/d

Glenn Pearson and Mark Weiser developed the "Mole" at the University of Maryland in 1988. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/49108.1046356 https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/49108.1046356 SIGCHI Bulletin January 1988 Volume 19 Number 3 EXPLORATORY EVALUATIONS OF TWO VERSIONS OF A FOOT-OPERATED CURSOR-POSITIONING DEVICE IN A TARGET-SELECTION TASK GLENN PEARSON, MARK WEISER, University of Maryland Abstract An investigation is on-going concerning the use of feet instead of hands to perform workstation cursor-positioning and related functions. In the exploratory studies reported here, two versions of a particular foot-operated device, the swing mole, were assessed against a mouse in a base-line target-selection task. This task had some of the elements involved in text editing, but did not directly include keyboard entry. The study showed that novices can learn to select fairly small targets using a mole, while revealing shortcomings in the current mole design and suggesting directions for redesign. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/57167.57169 https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/57167.57169 EXPLORATORY EVALUATION OF A PLANAR FOOTOPERATED CURSOR-POSITIONING DEVICE Glenn Pearson and Mark Weiser, Computer Science Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742. ABSTRACT The use of feet instead of hands to perform workstation cursor-positioning and related functions has been the subject of an on-going investigation. In the exploratory study reported here, a particular foot-operated device, the planar slide mole, was assessed against a mouse in a target-selection task. The study showed that novices can learn to select fairly small targets using a mole; for a target size of l/S” square, the response time equaled that of the mouse when keyboard homing time was taken into account. https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/211100042/CSUR_FootInteraction_AuthorCameraReady.pdf https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/211100042/CSUR_FootInte... The Feet in HCI: A Survey of Foot-Based Interaction EDUARDO VELLOSO, Lancaster University; DOMINIK SCHMIDT, Hasso Plattner Institute; JASON ALEXANDER, Lancaster University; HANS GELLERSEN, Lancaster University; ANDREAS BULLING, Max Planck Institute for Informatics 2. RELATED WORK We are not the first to attempt to systematise the work on foot interaction. When Pearson and Weiser began the development of their moles, they provided a historical classification of the feet in the interaction with devices. In the pre-industrial era, their function was to transmit both power and control (e.g. the horseman’s stirrup, the farmer hay fork and shovel, the pipe’s organist’s bellows and foot keys, the potter’s kick wheel). With the advent of electricity and other means of providing power, their function shifted to control alone (e.g. car pedals, arcade games, gas pressure controls, guitar effects pedals). Finally, they were used for foot-mediated input for computers (e.g. flight controls for aircrafts and simulators and volume and sustain controls in music synthesisers) [Pearson and Weiser 1986]. Whereas this classification puts the role of the feet as an interaction modality in context, it does not provide a structure for modern devices.