They're less common in the UK now mobile apps have taken over, but in the early 2000s banks would issue a standalone device to every customer. When making payme

They're less common in the UK now mobile apps have taken over, but in the early 2000s banks would issue a standalone device to every customer. When making payments via online banking you'd put your card in the device, hit a button, and give it a code that the online banking page provided. The device then did some magic via the chip on your card to provide a code that you'd give back to the online banking site to validate that you were in possession of your card. Some banks may have used this for 3D Secure during online card payments as well, but I've never encountered one. Validation for that in my case evolved from setting a password on my account, which they'd ask for some characters from, to tokens sent via SMS to my registered phone number, to a push notification from my bank followed by FaceID to authorise payment. In person Chip & PIN, and more recently contactless, is ubiquitous. Magstripe payments are so rare I have to explicitly enable them in my bank's app for the card, and it'll turn itself off again 7 days later. I never encountered chip & signature until going to the US, where everyone in the group I was with looked at it like some sort of joke (and indeed it is, because there's no signature recorded against my card for validation).