I think you are underestimating metadata. Not all, but many survey responses vary based on the browser, location, device type, and other metadata. These pieces

I think you are underestimating metadata. Not all, but many survey responses vary based on the browser, location, device type, and other metadata. These pieces of information reveal a lot about the user giving the survey and can even help filter out certain responses. For example: "Do you wish to buy an Apple Headset?" I can observe how the results vary among Samsung users, Apple iPhone 6 users, and Apple iPhone 13 Pro Max users living in New York versus Greenland, especially after a popular Netflix series featured the main character using the product. How would such a case be handled?