Right, I agree with that. I think in practice this is largely circumvented by ad-hocing tagged unions in these cases. Higher level, I think that it's fairly ra

Right, I agree with that. I think in practice this is largely circumvented by ad-hocing tagged unions in these cases. Higher level, I think that it's fairly rare to see Optionals outside of the _very_ basic cases, and downstream of that you're actually not flinging around nulls or undefined as data. Instead everyone reaches for a kind attribute. Especially in cases like you're talking about (where there's this notion of not finding something, but also this notion of something still loading). Not to say the distinction doesn't matter, but TS feels well designed in the sense that all of its unsafety is in places that end up not coming up in many "normal" codebases