Like any countermeasure, it depends greatly on your threat model. For people retiring from a sedentary job, with poor eating habits and a history of heart dise

Like any countermeasure, it depends greatly on your threat model. For people retiring from a sedentary job, with poor eating habits and a history of heart disease or stroke, consistent mild cardiovascular exercise is probably best. For nearly everyone else, strength training. Older people lose muscle mass and bone density. For a huge number of the elderly, the final spiral begins as a broken hip or spine fracture. Strength training counteracts that in two ways: hormonally and mechanically. The act of strength training increases production of growth hormones and testosterone. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15831061/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15831061/ And if you have stronger muscles, your bones will take less of the brunt of life's stressors. Regardless of which group, nicotine reduction/elimination is important. Not just smoking - vaping has a similar effect on bone density, meaning other non-tobacco nicotine sources probably do as well.