That is an interesting and relevant point, but it does not apply in case of Jake and others like him -- he has no alternative where he might live. In my opinio

That is an interesting and relevant point, but it does not apply in case of Jake and others like him -- he has no alternative where he might live. In my opinion, the FDA ought to be more open to allowing experiments in cases where it is clear the patient is aware of the untested nature of the treatment. It would result in tragic cases like the three you describe. During COVID-19 it would have resulted in people taking Ivermectin which was ineffective and even harmful. But during COVID-19 it would also have resulted in determining 6 or more months earlier that the vaccines we made were safe and effective and the number of lives saved in that single instance would have greatly outnumbered the losses from 100 years of experiments.