Most physical bearers (smart card or similar) of a Qualified Certificate are issued in person or based on a known identity. Here there is no need for remote ide

Most physical bearers (smart card or similar) of a Qualified Certificate are issued in person or based on a known identity. Here there is no need for remote identification before the issuance of the certificate. What you are talking about is a “remote signature service”. Such a service will often onboard a user remotely using a physical ID, video and liveliness checks and give them the credentials to produce advanced or qualified electronic signatures with the service in question. These credentials have to meet LoA Substantial or High for a QTSP to be able to issue a QC to a user. Most remote signature services use very short lived certificates (10-15 minutes) that are created for every signature the user produces. (As opposed to the long lived certificates of several years for a physical card). Germany have to follow the eIDAS-regulation as a member state of the EU/EAA. But what level of signature is needed for what transactions is not regulated in the eIDAS.