For 3 I think it's Typescript and Dart. There's also stanza (1) which is a lot like Python but it's not being used outside of one startup (disclaimer: I used to

For 3 I think it's Typescript and Dart. There's also stanza (1) which is a lot like Python but it's not being used outside of one startup (disclaimer: I used to work there). Ultimately I think optional typing on top of a garbage collected language is the answer. (1) https://lbstanza.org/ https://lbstanza.org/