Academic fraud is massively costly for society as it polluted downstream knowledge. Worse, it justifies doubt in all knowledge-generating efforts. It’s a shame

Academic fraud is massively costly for society as it polluted downstream knowledge. Worse, it justifies doubt in all knowledge-generating efforts. It’s a shame that the worst that can happen to these frauds is, typically, job loss. The incentive to cheat is way higher than the cost times the likelihood of getting caught. There should be criminal penalties at least as severe as other white collar crimes.