According to the paper [1] he talks about in the video, the theoretical limit is a function of %salt removed and %waste-water. For 90% salt removal with 50% wa

According to the paper [1] he talks about in the video, the theoretical limit is a function of %salt removed and %waste-water. For 90% salt removal with 50% waste-water, they say the limit is 1.09kWh per cubic meter (3.924 MJ) NB: It is not 100% clear to me if the result is independent of the type of technology, but they do claim: > We first derive the general expression of the thermodynamic minimum energy of separation determined by the Gibbs free energy, which is independent of the method of desalination [1] https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c01194 https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c01194