In “Thought And Choice In Chess”, A.D. de Groot (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_de_Groot https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_de_Groot) noticed that for

In “Thought And Choice In Chess”, A.D. de Groot (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_de_Groot https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_de_Groot) noticed that for chess. He asked good chess players (including Euwe and Alekhine) to take a short look at a board and then replicate it from memory. They were better at doing that for real games than for artificial setups. Also, their errors tended to be non-essential. When they misplaced pawns, for example, that wouldn’t affect the plan to pick. He also asked amateur-level players. I don’t remember whether they made more errors, but they did make more essential errors, and for them, the difference between ‘logical’ and ‘illogical’ board setups was smaller.