Somewhat related to this, printf alone in a loop is Turing-complete, by using %-directives like that. It was introduced in “Control-Flow Bending: On the Effecti

Somewhat related to this, printf alone in a loop is Turing-complete, by using %-directives like that. It was introduced in “Control-Flow Bending: On the Effectiveness of Control-Flow Integrity” (Carlini, et al. 2015) and the authors have implemented Brainfuck and an obfuscated tic-tac-toe with it. [0]: https://nebelwelt.net/publications/files/15SEC.pdf https://nebelwelt.net/publications/files/15SEC.pdf [1]: https://github.com/HexHive/printbf https://github.com/HexHive/printbf [2]: https://github.com/carlini/printf-tac-toe https://github.com/carlini/printf-tac-toe