If you wanted to see the effect of memory allocations then you could use boosts intrusive unordered_set implementation https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_82_0/do

If you wanted to see the effect of memory allocations then you could use boosts intrusive unordered_set implementation https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_82_0/doc/html/boost/intrusive/unordered_set.html https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_82_0/doc/html/boost/intrusi... It doesn't own the underlying memory, so you can preallocate your nodes