An ORM is a specific kind of data layer. It is general-purpose, and as the name suggests, it is an Object-Relational Mapper whose primary purpose is to map rela

An ORM is a specific kind of data layer. It is general-purpose, and as the name suggests, it is an Object-Relational Mapper whose primary purpose is to map relations to objects and vice-versa. So no, bespoke data access layer code is not an ORM.