The first article has long been debunked: http://web.archive.org/web/20210728130935/https://serpentsec.1337.cx/i-was-asked-to-review-an-article-from http://web.

The first article has long been debunked: http://web.archive.org/web/20210728130935/https://serpentsec.1337.cx/i-was-asked-to-review-an-article-from http://web.archive.org/web/20210728130935/https://serpentsec... The second and third articles are over 5 years old, that attack also requires a device to already be compromised. Proton VPN undergoes annual security audits and is also open-source, so anything "sketchy" (like if the app were actually data mining) could be quite easily and quickly discovered. There's no way to conclusively prove trustworthiness, but there's a lot that Proton does in terms of trust that no other VPN can match: https://protonvpn.com/blog/is-protonvpn-trustworthy/ https://protonvpn.com/blog/is-protonvpn-trustworthy/