Richard Dreyfus came up with a Five-Stage Model of Adult Skills Acquisition. 1 Novice. Follows simple rules. Performance is poor. 2 Advanced beginner. Rules m

Richard Dreyfus came up with a Five-Stage Model of Adult Skills Acquisition. 1 Novice. Follows simple rules. Performance is poor. 2 Advanced beginner. Rules modified by context & situation. 3 Competence. Able to recognize more contextual elements than can be used. Ability to chose a perspective for analysis and prioritize features of the context. However, does poorly at choosing the right perspective. 4 Proficient. If detached rule-following is replaced by intentional learning, learns to use judgment and emotion in choosing perspectives. However, that judgement and emotion informs a decision still based on rules and maxims. 5 Expertise. Applies refined discriminatory perceptions to determine what must be done and what must happen to get there. Analysis and calculation are not necessary. It's stage 3, "does poorly at choosing the right perspective" and 4, "decision still based on rules and maxims" where problems arise. In Dreyfus' original paper, he considered learning in the context with feedback. BTW the paper is worth reading for Dreyfus' comments on feedforward simulated neural networks.