Copies made by search engines don't need authorization, and can be unauthorized copies. Search engines are allowed to make copies under Fair Use since they are

Copies made by search engines don't need authorization, and can be unauthorized copies. Search engines are allowed to make copies under Fair Use since they are transformative - see Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. There hasn't been an explicit decision for ML training, but everyone's assuming that Authors Guild v Google applies. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,..... CDNs operate under the control of the copyright owner, so they would be authorized. Web browser caches are under the control of the recipient who has authorization to make a copy.