> Assign a confidence level to segments of generated text. Text generators are not reasoning machines. To assign a confidence level, you need a tree of facts a

> Assign a confidence level to segments of generated text. Text generators are not reasoning machines. To assign a confidence level, you need a tree of facts and deductions. This is what you can get from an expert system. With an expert system, you can in principle ask the system to explain its reasoning, and assign confidence to each step. ML systems are black boxes. Expert systems are hard to train; you need a human expert, and probably a specialist in the expert system sitting beside him. And it takes a lot of work - so it's expensive. I can imagine a hybrid expert system/machine-learning system, where the ML system is used to distil the expertise that is then used by the expert system to construct decision trees that are not opaque. I wish a fraction of the money that gets thrown at LLM "toys" were instead invested in expert systems. I think expert systems research became unfashionable around the end of the 1980s, which is a crying shame.