Article 31 of Japan's copyright law (著作権法第31条) gives National Diet Library (and a few approved public libraries) a special exception which allows them to make a

Article 31 of Japan's copyright law (著作権法第31条) gives National Diet Library (and a few approved public libraries) a special exception which allows them to make a photocopy of a copyrighted material as long as it's "for researching purpose", "part of a work" (i.e., less than 50% of a book or an article), and "one copy per person".[1] IANAL, but I think it could be that a digital copy is no longer "one copy per person" as you can make unlimited copies from it, as well as sending it digitally is already making two copies between sender and receiver. [1]: https://www.cric.or.jp/english/clj/cl2.html https://www.cric.or.jp/english/clj/cl2.html (Article 31)^1 ^1: Though this translation is slightly outdated, there were some revisions to copyright law in 2021, but this part is mostly unaffected.