Ehhh I dunno if it's really that nuanced. Companies that are unprofitable, but who sell goods/services above direct costs, are relatively (though of course neve

Ehhh I dunno if it's really that nuanced. Companies that are unprofitable, but who sell goods/services above direct costs, are relatively (though of course never totally) safe from the accusation of dumping. i.e., if you sell a widget for more than it costs to manufacture, but unprofitable after you account for indirect costs like R&D and other corporate costs, it may or may not be dumping. The VC-backed companies like Uber weren't doing this. They were unprofitable even under the standard of price > direct cost. That's pretty cut and dry dumping. "Scale until you become profitable" in the traditional (and IMO defensible and sound business) sense is about scaling until your margins cover your fixed and indirect costs like R&D (see: Google, Facebook), but that's not the Uber model.