> Even in a relatively simple modern storage stack, say a single NVMe Flash device on a local PCIe controller, the question 'are these exact bits irrevocably co

> Even in a relatively simple modern storage stack, say a single NVMe Flash device on a local PCIe controller, the question 'are these exact bits irrevocably committed to the media?' is pretty much impossible to answer without an NDA with the disk manufacturer and a hefty dose of proprietary IOCTLs (and even then, I would not bet my life on it). This would limit throughput quite a bit and might significantly shorten the lifespan of the disk, but you could put the disk on a separate power supply that the computer could control. Don't consider data as written until you've power cycled the disk and been able to read that data back. :-)