At the moment, it's quite easy for the EU to enforce fines on big companies because they tend to have lots of assets in the EU by way of their operations (build

At the moment, it's quite easy for the EU to enforce fines on big companies because they tend to have lots of assets in the EU by way of their operations (buildings, bank accounts, inventories etc). However, the EU would have a much more difficult time enforcing fines on entities with no European presence. In principal they could go through the international treaty system, but that would be very slow and expensive. I'm not aware of any case where they've actually successfully pursued this for non tax / copyright fines which tend to have special arrangements although I've not looked into it that much. Please let me know if anyone is aware of any precedent. Ultimately the ability of one country to enforce fines on another relies on goodwill and diplomacy. What could the EU do to say, India, if their courts declined to enforce a $20k fine on a small developer or take 7 years to decide the matter? Even if they were technically allowed to go after sovereign Indian assets instead by a treaty or threaten sanctions, it's hard to see the diplomatic cost being worth such a small fine.