From the linked study (https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-023-01054-0 https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-023-0...): > W

From the linked study (https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-023-01054-0 https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12958-023-0...): > We included 190 studies in our analysis. In the group of associated health conditions, varicocele (MD = 13.62%, CI: 9.39–17.84) and impaired glucose tolerance (MD = 13.75%, CI: 6.99–20.51) had the most significant increase in SDF. Among malignancies, testicular tumors had the highest impact, with a maximum of MD = 11.3% (CI: 7.84–14.76). Among infections, the overall effects of both Chlamydia and HPV were negligible. Of lifestyle factors, smoking had the most disruptive effect on SDF – an increase of 9.19% (CI: 4.33–14.06). Different periods of sexual abstinence did not show significant variations in SDF values. Age seemed to have a more drastic effect on SDF from age 50 onwards, with a mean difference of 12.58% (CI: 7.31–17.86). Pollution also had a detrimental effect – 9.68% (CI: 6.85–12.52).