In Canada, yes. But Canada does have a massive advantage that there are only five major banks who already cooperate over a shared debit infrastructure called In

In Canada, yes. But Canada does have a massive advantage that there are only five major banks who already cooperate over a shared debit infrastructure called Interac, so when email transfers (initially “certapay”) were introduced, there was already a logical body to do the coordinating. Smaller banks and credit unions have zero incentive not to participate in anything the big banks do since it will immediately put them behind 99% of Canadians.