The issue is "on the job" training. Law, medicine, accounting, plumbing, welding, electrical, civil engineering all requires a certain amount of "working hours"

The issue is "on the job" training. Law, medicine, accounting, plumbing, welding, electrical, civil engineering all requires a certain amount of "working hours" measured in months and years before they let you take the certification/licensing exam. You can't always do it yourself and stay compliant with regulatory codes. This is a big problem because it allows existing players to exploit and play gatekeeper. Get rid of this requirement and many labor shortage issues will sort itself out. Don't allow institutions to be the gatekeeper. The certification exams are sufficient.