There are many extant indigeneous groups across Central and South America who still retain the use of their traditional languages, often alongside Spanish. Arou

There are many extant indigeneous groups across Central and South America who still retain the use of their traditional languages, often alongside Spanish. Around Mexico/Guatemala these are often Mayan languages such as Tzotzil in the Mexican state of Chiapas, but other language famailies include the Choco languages (such as the languages of the Embera and Wounaan people, most of whom live in the Darién region of Panama). In South America you have groups like the Mapuche with their own languages, and in the Amazon alone there are over 3,000 recognised indigenous territories. In many of the Caribbean regions of those countries (particularly Central America), Spanish might not be spoken at all, with most people instead speaking an English creole alongside an indigenous language such as Garifuna (e.g., see https://en.m.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Caribbean_Nicaragua https://en.m.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Caribbean_Nicaragua ). Then you get into the Caribbean where some islands speak Dutch or French (or creoles thereof), and of course Brazilians speak Portuguese rather than Spanish (though there is some mutual intelligibility there). Also, it's worth stressing that in many of these areas, knowledge of a language does not mean the ability to read or write it.