This part isn't quite true: > Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs), which are cooperating data structures that can mutate data while being disconnected

This part isn't quite true: > Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs), which are cooperating data structures that can mutate data while being disconnected from each other, use logical clocks as their foundation to preemptively deal with conflicts. Not all CRDTs use logical clocks. You can implement a counter CRDT, for instance, without having to express when in time each edit occurred. It doesn't matter if +1 happened before -3. Both of those events just need to be added together in the end.