In the U.S. it varies by university, and even department. For some, it's hard to buy out teaching obligations, etc. One university I interviewed you would effe

In the U.S. it varies by university, and even department. For some, it's hard to buy out teaching obligations, etc. One university I interviewed you would effectively get a raise if you brought in more than you needed to cover with your salary, because they were desperately trying to revive a fairly stagnant research culture. At my current institution, it comes back to me (mostly) as unallocated funding.