simplest is a visualization of the term usage - https://scalar.usc.edu/works/the-art-of-academic-peer-reviewing/media/PeerReviewonGoogleBooksNGramViewer.jpg ht

simplest is a visualization of the term usage - https://scalar.usc.edu/works/the-art-of-academic-peer-reviewing/media/PeerReviewonGoogleBooksNGramViewer.jpg https://scalar.usc.edu/works/the-art-of-academic-peer-review... but looking at the criticism and history sections of the wikipedia page will cover it in more detail. It basically promotes gatekeeping and group think, as seen with the Alzheimer's research issue which wasted billions of dollars and slowed progress by decades via effectively an academic cartel. Funding becoming tied to publication which relies on peer review made things worse https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review