> There aren't that many entrepreneurs who failed multiple times before succeeding at a business. If you look at the big businesses that dominate the US tech ec

> There aren't that many entrepreneurs who failed multiple times before succeeding at a business. If you look at the big businesses that dominate the US tech economy, they're all first time founders (Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft etc). For this analysis to be complete you'd have to look at all companies, not an arbitrary selection of tech companies. Furthermore, tech is unique (and so is the list of your companies) in that one couldn't have started a similar company before the ones you listed since modern tech literally had just begun. A better example would be to look at the new generation of tech companies, such as OpenAI, if you want to focus on tech. Finally, let's look at your companies: Microsoft - was not Bill Gates' first company. Amazon - It's true the name was the same, but the company pre and post 1998 (Amazon as a bookstore, and then Amazon as an ecommerce site, and then the development of what is known as AWS in the early 2000s) was fundamentally different. The only real similarity is the name. Google - it's true Brin and Page started this company first, but they had effectively done all the work for "free" as part of their PhD (at Stanford, no less). Keeping up with the parent post analogy, there was not much risk here. Apple - Similar to Amazon in that Apple as a name and company had continuity from now to its beginning, but Steve Jobs started Next which you could argue is the DNA of modern Apple (it merged back with the almost then defunct Apple), as well as Pixar.