Apple at the time was also an example of the worst case of internal fiefdoms, where managers would get competing projects killed out of spite or to poach engine

Apple at the time was also an example of the worst case of internal fiefdoms, where managers would get competing projects killed out of spite or to poach engineers. The only way to make your project survive was to get it rolled into some bigger, more important project that couldn't be killed (but this also meant the projects were too big and could never be finished). Copland was an example of this - it was going to be everything and the kitchen sink. Another example of the fiefdomness was their crazy lineup of dozens of machines - there was no coordination between the business market team and the home market team etc and they all wanted to release their own targeted models.